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Machine learning assisted design of new lattice core for sandwich structures with superior
load carrying capacity
Sandwiching Machine: biscuits
may be automatically sandwiched with cream or jam or with two ingredients. The biscuits
are normally fed manually from the packing table to a set of vibratory conveyors. The
machines may have multilanes, usually from two up to six lanes. Each lane may produce 200
–800 sandwiches per minute, depending on the product and machine characteristics. Cookie
cappers are full width biscuit making
machine systems. Chocolate tempering: when pure chocolate is used, accurate
temperature control during the process is essential. The temperature control to seed and
produce stable beta fat crystals that avoid ‘bloom’ is carried out in a tempering tube
that may be a separate unit or incorporated in the enrobing machine. Chocolate enrobing:
chocolate coating of biscuits is a continuous in-line process. The biscuits are delivered
directly, after cooling to around 25°C, to an enrobing machine. The
biscuit depositing machine
are transported through the enrober on an open wire mesh conveyor. They may be fully
coated or half coated with chocolate. Chocolate cooling: the chocolate is cooled in
tunnels with air/water cooling and accurate temperature control to ensure a clear, glossy
surface to the products.
There’s a lot to be said for the humble sandwich; it can serve as a simple snack or
dressed up and elevated to become a full meal. But there’s something about the
combination of hot metal plates and bread that takes sandwich making to the next level,
and this is where sandwich toasters and toastie makers come in.
These versatile bits of kit aren’t just reserved for toasting sandwiches; many come
with different plates for different tasks. Some have waffle plates, others have flat
plates and grill plates for toasted sandwiches, some even open up flat for table-top
grilling. Before making a purchase, consider what you want to use your toastie maker or
sandwich toaster for. Are you looking to make bog-standard cheese toasties or are you
after a multifaceted machine that can be used a couple of different ways? We tested a
range of different models to find the best sandwich toaster for you.
For more unbiased expert buyer’s guides, visit our reviews section to find 400+
round-ups of everything from the best bread makers and best toasters to the best bread
bins.
But, when I recently talked to a bunch of experts about how to build awesome
sandwiches, I decided it was high time I got back into the homemade-sammy game. It may not
be quite as easy, but it's certainly still cheap, it's even more customizable,
and, I have to admit, that extra bit of work makes it taste a heck of a lot better at the
end. Then again, if I'm going to go the extra mile with a sandwich, I want it to look
as good as it tastes. I want it to stay intact when I travel, and I want eating it to feel
effortless. I want to be able to pull it out of my bag, give it a nice long look, and say
daaamn, sandwich, before crushing it between my jaws.
FEATURED VIDEO
How to Make a Better Grilled Cheese
I want to wrap it like a badass—albeit a badass with a mild case of OCD.
So this weekend, I asked the sandwich guy at my corner bodega to give me a lesson, and
he graciously complied. Turns out the process is crazy easy and crazy handy—with a few
basic folds and turns, you'll have a sandwich that'll keep its shape and hold all
your carefully arranged ingredients in place, whether you're going on a picnic,
biscuit packaging machine a
lunch box, or taking a road trip. It won't gather condensation and induce sogginess
the way a zipper-lock bag will, and, because these wrap jobs hold up even once your
sandwich is sliced in half, it'll make eating on the go a whole lot easier and neater,
too. All you'll need is parchment or waxed paper and, if you're working with a hot
sandwich or planning to slice the sandwich in half, a sheet of aluminum foil.
Wrapping a flat sandwich isn't entirely unlike wrapping a present, only you
won't need any tape or ribbon to make this one stay in place. To begin, you'll
need a rectangular sheet of parchment (or waxed) paper—you can buy the precut sandwich
papers, which'll make measurement even easier, or just cut about a foot off the roll.
Set the paper in front of you on a work surface, vertically (i.e., portrait, not
landscape, orientation). Then place your sandwich in the center of the paper; if your
bread has a discernible top, bottom, and sides, set it so the top is away from you.
Next, bring the top and bottom edges of the paper together over the center of the
sandwich and line them up. Fold the edges down by half an inch, crease sharply, and then
continue folding in half-inch turns, creasing each time, until the fold is flush with the
surface of the sandwich. Depending on the size of your sandwich and the length of your
paper, the number of folds will vary. Try not to squish the sandwich!
The left and right sides of the paper will now look like flattened tubes. Starting on
one of the tubes, use your fingers to press the opposing edges into the center, forming a
pleated triangle. Press down and crease the triangle's edges, including at the base of
the sandwich, before carefully folding it underneath. Repeat this process on the other
side of the sandwich, and voilà, you're done!
The act of creasing and folding, accompanied by the sandwich's weight, will keep
the whole thing nice and secure. If you'd like, you can cut the sandwich down the
center, perpendicular to the crease, and then wrap the halves together in a sheet of
aluminum foil. Otherwise, simply stick your tidy little package in your lunch box, a brown
paper bag, or a rectangular container, and you're good to go.
If you're working with a hot sandwich, you can use this same method with nothing
but a piece of aluminum foil, though skipping the parchment paper may make it a bit harder
to eat on the go, since foil may cling to parts of your sandwich a little more doggedly.
Next up, we have long sandwiches, like subs and wraps, to contend with. Wrapping these
sandwiches can be a little tricky to get the hang of, since measuring out the paper will
depend on the size of your sandwich. A good rule of thumb is to cut a piece of parchment
paper that's about one and a half times the length of the sub or wrap.
Begin by setting your paper vertically in front of you, just like with the flat-
sandwich technique. Then place the sandwich diagonally across the paper, near one of the
corners. Now lift that corner up and over the sandwich, pressing it flush. From there,
roll the sandwich in paper toward the far opposite corner, folding in the sides as you go.
Having a hearty and delicious breakfast in the morning is one of the best ways to
start your day right, but some of you may be too lazy or absolutely hate having to cook
and wash up after.
What if there are breakfast making machines that are foolproof, easy-to-use and will
only require you to wash up a few items after cooking?
We found some breakfast making machines perfect for lazy people on Shopee Singapore,
so read on to check them out!
Let's start with the simplest and most obvious breakfast making machine - a
sandwich and waffle maker. A nicely toasted sandwich is one of the most popular breakfast
options so make your own at home with this handy machine.
It comes in two sweet pink and mint pastel colours to spruce up your kitchen and
brighten your day whenever you use it. Each maker comes with a sandwich and waffle
hotplate, but you can purchase extra hotplates to make mini donuts and egg waffles.
Think about moving from one pan to another, then moving to the oven to check on your
bread when cooking - sounds hectic, right? This 4-in-1 breakfast making machine lets you
cook everything at one spot so making breakfast won't feel like such a chore anymore.
You can toast bread, steam eggs and cook congee with one
biscuit
sandwiching machine so it's no longer an excuse to not have a healthy breakfast
every day! Choose from the pastel pink or blue colour.
This multifunctional breakfast making machine is similar to #2 except that it allows
you to brew a pot of coffee at the same time. Such machines are designed for light cooking
so if you usually have fried eggs, bacon and toast for breakfast, this is one to consider.
It comes in a sleek black and red colour that will go well with any kitchen design.
Shop the multifunctional breakfast making machine at $69.89 on Shopee.
If you don't already own one yourself, you very likely know somebody who owns an
air fryer. (Odds are, they've talked about it countless times.) The miniature oven is
the current it appliance, and it's easy to see why — the air fryer is easy to
operate, shaves minutes off cook time, and gives food a crispy texture without having to
rely on loads of grease. It seems like the kind of high-tech appliance you'd see on
The Jetsons, but with the added bonus of existing right now.
The air fryer is far more than an appliance that creates low-fat versions of your
favorite fried foods; it's so reliable you can truly use it for any meal of the day,
including the most important one — breakfast.
Watch how to use your air fryer to make the easiest-ever breakfast sandwich.
Want to make this air fryer breakfast sandwich yourself?
Herein new lattice unit cells with buckling load 261–308% higher than the classical
octet unit cell were reported. Lattice structures have been widely used in sandwich
structures as lightweight core. While stretching dominated and bending dominated cells
such as octahedron, tetrahedron and octet have been designed for lightweight structures,
it is plausible that other cells exist which might perform better than the existing
counterparts. Machine learning technique was used to discover new optimal unit cells. An
8-node cube containing a maximum of 27 elements, which extended into an eightfold unit
cell, was taken as representative volume element (RVE). Numerous possible unit cells
within the RVE were generated using permutations and combinations through MATLAB coding.
Uniaxial compression tests using ANSYS were performed to form a dataset, which was used to
train machine learning algorithms and form predictive model. The model was then used to
further optimize the unit cells. A total of 20 optimal symmetric unit cells were predicted
which showed 51–57% higher capacity than octet cell. Particularly, if the solid rods were
replaced by porous biomimetic rods, an additional 130–160% increase in buckling
resistance was achieved. Sandwich structures made of these 3D printed optimal symmetric
unit cells showed 13–35% higher flexural strength than octet cell cored counterpart. This
study opens up new opportunities to design high-performance sandwich structures.
A lattice structure is formed by stacking lattice unit cells cheek by jowl in any
desired order. The entire lattice structure’s performance depends on the construction of
the lattice unit cell it is made of. Extensive research has been carried out in design,
fabrication and evaluation of these lightweight architectures. Depending on the number of
struts and number of joints in a single unit cell, it can be classified as a stretching or
bending dominated structure1. In a stretching dominated structure, the primary mode of
failure is through stretching while in a bending dominated structure the primary mode of
failure is through bending. Compared to foam and bending dominated lattice structures,
stretching dominated lattice structures were proven to perform better in terms of strength
and stiffness1. Several lattice unit cells were proposed with superior performance and
various advantages in structural, thermal, impact, vibrational and acoustic
domains2,3,4,5,6. Octet lattice structure is one of the best truss-based lattice
structures among stretching dominated lattice unit cells3. Gyroid and double gyroid
structures manufactured through additive manufacturing exhibited decent impact absorption
capabilities and additional advantage with the same stiffness in all the axial
directions4. Hollow micro truss lattice structures were studied for their enhanced energy
absorption5. Hybrid sandwich panels made of pyramid truss structures as core were
fabricated with higher damping performance6. Several numerical and experimental studies
were conducted by various groups to reinforce the proposed structures. Linear and
nonlinear effective properties of lattice structure were studied using continuum theory
models3,7,8,9,10. The effective properties of octet lattice structure were initially
studied by Deshpande and Fleck3.
The fabrication techniques and structural performance of lattice cored sandwich
structures were explored by different groups11,12,13,14. Selective laser melting (SLM) is
used to manufacture bio-inspired kagome sandwich panels with titanium core. The
compression and shear properties of these sandwich structures are evaluated and proved to
perform better than honeycomb aerospace core structures11. Stereolithography (SLA) is used
to print several lattice cores made of epoxy-based photopolymer resin and sandwich plates
made of carbon fiber reinforced face sheets which are co-cured in two-stage manufacturing
process. The compression and flexural properties of the sandwich structures were
evaluated12. Bending response of graded lattice core sandwich structures is evaluated
which achieves minimum weight sandwich structures13. Silicon rubber molds were used to
fabricate CFRP tetrahedral core sandwich structures and tested for compression and shear
strengths14. It is known that lattice core in sandwich structures plays an important role
in the overall load carrying capacity of the sandwich. With the advancement in 3D
printing, lattice core with very complex geometrical configurations can be manufactured.
Therefore, further improvement in the load carrying capacity in lattice cored sandwich
depends on optimization of lattice cores.
load carrying capacity
Sandwiching Machine: biscuits
may be automatically sandwiched with cream or jam or with two ingredients. The biscuits
are normally fed manually from the packing table to a set of vibratory conveyors. The
machines may have multilanes, usually from two up to six lanes. Each lane may produce 200
–800 sandwiches per minute, depending on the product and machine characteristics. Cookie
cappers are full width biscuit making
machine systems. Chocolate tempering: when pure chocolate is used, accurate
temperature control during the process is essential. The temperature control to seed and
produce stable beta fat crystals that avoid ‘bloom’ is carried out in a tempering tube
that may be a separate unit or incorporated in the enrobing machine. Chocolate enrobing:
chocolate coating of biscuits is a continuous in-line process. The biscuits are delivered
directly, after cooling to around 25°C, to an enrobing machine. The
biscuit depositing machine
are transported through the enrober on an open wire mesh conveyor. They may be fully
coated or half coated with chocolate. Chocolate cooling: the chocolate is cooled in
tunnels with air/water cooling and accurate temperature control to ensure a clear, glossy
surface to the products.
There’s a lot to be said for the humble sandwich; it can serve as a simple snack or
dressed up and elevated to become a full meal. But there’s something about the
combination of hot metal plates and bread that takes sandwich making to the next level,
and this is where sandwich toasters and toastie makers come in.
These versatile bits of kit aren’t just reserved for toasting sandwiches; many come
with different plates for different tasks. Some have waffle plates, others have flat
plates and grill plates for toasted sandwiches, some even open up flat for table-top
grilling. Before making a purchase, consider what you want to use your toastie maker or
sandwich toaster for. Are you looking to make bog-standard cheese toasties or are you
after a multifaceted machine that can be used a couple of different ways? We tested a
range of different models to find the best sandwich toaster for you.
For more unbiased expert buyer’s guides, visit our reviews section to find 400+
round-ups of everything from the best bread makers and best toasters to the best bread
bins.
But, when I recently talked to a bunch of experts about how to build awesome
sandwiches, I decided it was high time I got back into the homemade-sammy game. It may not
be quite as easy, but it's certainly still cheap, it's even more customizable,
and, I have to admit, that extra bit of work makes it taste a heck of a lot better at the
end. Then again, if I'm going to go the extra mile with a sandwich, I want it to look
as good as it tastes. I want it to stay intact when I travel, and I want eating it to feel
effortless. I want to be able to pull it out of my bag, give it a nice long look, and say
daaamn, sandwich, before crushing it between my jaws.
FEATURED VIDEO
How to Make a Better Grilled Cheese
I want to wrap it like a badass—albeit a badass with a mild case of OCD.
So this weekend, I asked the sandwich guy at my corner bodega to give me a lesson, and
he graciously complied. Turns out the process is crazy easy and crazy handy—with a few
basic folds and turns, you'll have a sandwich that'll keep its shape and hold all
your carefully arranged ingredients in place, whether you're going on a picnic,
biscuit packaging machine a
lunch box, or taking a road trip. It won't gather condensation and induce sogginess
the way a zipper-lock bag will, and, because these wrap jobs hold up even once your
sandwich is sliced in half, it'll make eating on the go a whole lot easier and neater,
too. All you'll need is parchment or waxed paper and, if you're working with a hot
sandwich or planning to slice the sandwich in half, a sheet of aluminum foil.
Wrapping a flat sandwich isn't entirely unlike wrapping a present, only you
won't need any tape or ribbon to make this one stay in place. To begin, you'll
need a rectangular sheet of parchment (or waxed) paper—you can buy the precut sandwich
papers, which'll make measurement even easier, or just cut about a foot off the roll.
Set the paper in front of you on a work surface, vertically (i.e., portrait, not
landscape, orientation). Then place your sandwich in the center of the paper; if your
bread has a discernible top, bottom, and sides, set it so the top is away from you.
Next, bring the top and bottom edges of the paper together over the center of the
sandwich and line them up. Fold the edges down by half an inch, crease sharply, and then
continue folding in half-inch turns, creasing each time, until the fold is flush with the
surface of the sandwich. Depending on the size of your sandwich and the length of your
paper, the number of folds will vary. Try not to squish the sandwich!
The left and right sides of the paper will now look like flattened tubes. Starting on
one of the tubes, use your fingers to press the opposing edges into the center, forming a
pleated triangle. Press down and crease the triangle's edges, including at the base of
the sandwich, before carefully folding it underneath. Repeat this process on the other
side of the sandwich, and voilà, you're done!
The act of creasing and folding, accompanied by the sandwich's weight, will keep
the whole thing nice and secure. If you'd like, you can cut the sandwich down the
center, perpendicular to the crease, and then wrap the halves together in a sheet of
aluminum foil. Otherwise, simply stick your tidy little package in your lunch box, a brown
paper bag, or a rectangular container, and you're good to go.
If you're working with a hot sandwich, you can use this same method with nothing
but a piece of aluminum foil, though skipping the parchment paper may make it a bit harder
to eat on the go, since foil may cling to parts of your sandwich a little more doggedly.
Next up, we have long sandwiches, like subs and wraps, to contend with. Wrapping these
sandwiches can be a little tricky to get the hang of, since measuring out the paper will
depend on the size of your sandwich. A good rule of thumb is to cut a piece of parchment
paper that's about one and a half times the length of the sub or wrap.
Begin by setting your paper vertically in front of you, just like with the flat-
sandwich technique. Then place the sandwich diagonally across the paper, near one of the
corners. Now lift that corner up and over the sandwich, pressing it flush. From there,
roll the sandwich in paper toward the far opposite corner, folding in the sides as you go.
Having a hearty and delicious breakfast in the morning is one of the best ways to
start your day right, but some of you may be too lazy or absolutely hate having to cook
and wash up after.
What if there are breakfast making machines that are foolproof, easy-to-use and will
only require you to wash up a few items after cooking?
We found some breakfast making machines perfect for lazy people on Shopee Singapore,
so read on to check them out!
Let's start with the simplest and most obvious breakfast making machine - a
sandwich and waffle maker. A nicely toasted sandwich is one of the most popular breakfast
options so make your own at home with this handy machine.
It comes in two sweet pink and mint pastel colours to spruce up your kitchen and
brighten your day whenever you use it. Each maker comes with a sandwich and waffle
hotplate, but you can purchase extra hotplates to make mini donuts and egg waffles.
Think about moving from one pan to another, then moving to the oven to check on your
bread when cooking - sounds hectic, right? This 4-in-1 breakfast making machine lets you
cook everything at one spot so making breakfast won't feel like such a chore anymore.
You can toast bread, steam eggs and cook congee with one
biscuit
sandwiching machine so it's no longer an excuse to not have a healthy breakfast
every day! Choose from the pastel pink or blue colour.
This multifunctional breakfast making machine is similar to #2 except that it allows
you to brew a pot of coffee at the same time. Such machines are designed for light cooking
so if you usually have fried eggs, bacon and toast for breakfast, this is one to consider.
It comes in a sleek black and red colour that will go well with any kitchen design.
Shop the multifunctional breakfast making machine at $69.89 on Shopee.
If you don't already own one yourself, you very likely know somebody who owns an
air fryer. (Odds are, they've talked about it countless times.) The miniature oven is
the current it appliance, and it's easy to see why — the air fryer is easy to
operate, shaves minutes off cook time, and gives food a crispy texture without having to
rely on loads of grease. It seems like the kind of high-tech appliance you'd see on
The Jetsons, but with the added bonus of existing right now.
The air fryer is far more than an appliance that creates low-fat versions of your
favorite fried foods; it's so reliable you can truly use it for any meal of the day,
including the most important one — breakfast.
Watch how to use your air fryer to make the easiest-ever breakfast sandwich.
Want to make this air fryer breakfast sandwich yourself?
Herein new lattice unit cells with buckling load 261–308% higher than the classical
octet unit cell were reported. Lattice structures have been widely used in sandwich
structures as lightweight core. While stretching dominated and bending dominated cells
such as octahedron, tetrahedron and octet have been designed for lightweight structures,
it is plausible that other cells exist which might perform better than the existing
counterparts. Machine learning technique was used to discover new optimal unit cells. An
8-node cube containing a maximum of 27 elements, which extended into an eightfold unit
cell, was taken as representative volume element (RVE). Numerous possible unit cells
within the RVE were generated using permutations and combinations through MATLAB coding.
Uniaxial compression tests using ANSYS were performed to form a dataset, which was used to
train machine learning algorithms and form predictive model. The model was then used to
further optimize the unit cells. A total of 20 optimal symmetric unit cells were predicted
which showed 51–57% higher capacity than octet cell. Particularly, if the solid rods were
replaced by porous biomimetic rods, an additional 130–160% increase in buckling
resistance was achieved. Sandwich structures made of these 3D printed optimal symmetric
unit cells showed 13–35% higher flexural strength than octet cell cored counterpart. This
study opens up new opportunities to design high-performance sandwich structures.
A lattice structure is formed by stacking lattice unit cells cheek by jowl in any
desired order. The entire lattice structure’s performance depends on the construction of
the lattice unit cell it is made of. Extensive research has been carried out in design,
fabrication and evaluation of these lightweight architectures. Depending on the number of
struts and number of joints in a single unit cell, it can be classified as a stretching or
bending dominated structure1. In a stretching dominated structure, the primary mode of
failure is through stretching while in a bending dominated structure the primary mode of
failure is through bending. Compared to foam and bending dominated lattice structures,
stretching dominated lattice structures were proven to perform better in terms of strength
and stiffness1. Several lattice unit cells were proposed with superior performance and
various advantages in structural, thermal, impact, vibrational and acoustic
domains2,3,4,5,6. Octet lattice structure is one of the best truss-based lattice
structures among stretching dominated lattice unit cells3. Gyroid and double gyroid
structures manufactured through additive manufacturing exhibited decent impact absorption
capabilities and additional advantage with the same stiffness in all the axial
directions4. Hollow micro truss lattice structures were studied for their enhanced energy
absorption5. Hybrid sandwich panels made of pyramid truss structures as core were
fabricated with higher damping performance6. Several numerical and experimental studies
were conducted by various groups to reinforce the proposed structures. Linear and
nonlinear effective properties of lattice structure were studied using continuum theory
models3,7,8,9,10. The effective properties of octet lattice structure were initially
studied by Deshpande and Fleck3.
The fabrication techniques and structural performance of lattice cored sandwich
structures were explored by different groups11,12,13,14. Selective laser melting (SLM) is
used to manufacture bio-inspired kagome sandwich panels with titanium core. The
compression and shear properties of these sandwich structures are evaluated and proved to
perform better than honeycomb aerospace core structures11. Stereolithography (SLA) is used
to print several lattice cores made of epoxy-based photopolymer resin and sandwich plates
made of carbon fiber reinforced face sheets which are co-cured in two-stage manufacturing
process. The compression and flexural properties of the sandwich structures were
evaluated12. Bending response of graded lattice core sandwich structures is evaluated
which achieves minimum weight sandwich structures13. Silicon rubber molds were used to
fabricate CFRP tetrahedral core sandwich structures and tested for compression and shear
strengths14. It is known that lattice core in sandwich structures plays an important role
in the overall load carrying capacity of the sandwich. With the advancement in 3D
printing, lattice core with very complex geometrical configurations can be manufactured.
Therefore, further improvement in the load carrying capacity in lattice cored sandwich
depends on optimization of lattice cores.
